From powerhouse to modulator: regulating immune system responses through intracellular mitochondrial transfer

Table 2 Summary Of Mitochondrial Transfer from Different Immune Cells to Various Cells

Donor Cell	Recipient Cell	Mechanism	Main outcome	References
T cells	Tumor cells	TNTs/Cell fusion	- Impaired T cell antitumor functions - Tumor growth - Enhanced antitumor responses against lung cancer cells	[210, 211]
Activated monocytes	Endothelial cells	EVs	- Monocytes activation - Endothelial activation - Inflammation	[70]
M2 macrophages	Sensory neurons	Direct cell-to-cell contact	- Reduced inflammatory pain	[212]
M2 macrophages	MSCs	TNTs	- ROS burst - Metabolic remodeling - Osteogenic differentiation - Bone regeneration and repair	[213, 214]
M1 macrophages	Pancreatic beta cells	EVs	- Lipid peroxidation - Mitochondrial disruption - STING pathway activation - Ferroptosis	[215]
Macrophages	Cancer cells	Cell-contact	- Increased mtROS - Cancer cells proliferation and progression	[154]

ISSN: 1478-811X